As a result, more accurate knowledge on the relationship between forest protection and the containment of the desert had to be developed ( Grove, 1997). Around 1850, the British Empire realized the irreparable damage it had wrought on Indian forests, leading to the exhaustion of tropical timber. The causal relationship between desertification and deforestation has been recorded in written form from the time of Aristotle ( Brückner, 2000:74) ( Edwards, 2010:67). Yet, political scientist Wafula Okumu remarks that parts of the desert in African societies were conceived and maintained as active buffer zones of separation between different peoples prior to the arrival of European colonial regimes ( Oduntan, 2015). Historically, these landscapes have been problematized through conquest and contention. In Western discourse, the limits of the desert, permanently in flux, are also perceived negatively.
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